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The study of the cosmos has advanced significantly over the past three decades through measurements of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) temperature anisotropies with unprecedented precision, as well as polarisation anisotropies with moderate sensitivity. In the coming decades, CMB polarisation will be measured with substantially higher sensitivity by experiments such as LiteBIRD, the Simons Observatory, and other forthcoming missions. The primary scientific objective of these experiments is the detection of primordial B-mode polarisation in the CMB. The same data will also enable the exploration of new physics, including cosmic birefringence (parity-violating effects in CMB photons) and extensions to the standard cosmological model, particularly those aimed at alleviating the Hubble tension. In this talk, I will discuss the prospects and challenges of detecting primordial B-mode polarisation with LiteBIRD and other proposed CMB experiments. I will also highlight two novel science cases — cosmic birefringence and Rayleigh scattering — which are being explored as potential extensions to the standard cosmological model. These phenomena offer promising avenues for probing dark matter, dark energy, and possible resolutions to the Hubble tension.